Understanding The Term Data Processing Information Technology Essay

Understanding The Term Data Processing Information Technology Essay Data processing is any computer process that converts data into information or knowledge. The processing is usually assumed to be automated and running on a computer. Because data are most useful when well-presented and actually informative, data-processing systems are often referred to as information systems to emphasize their practicality. Nevertheless, both terms are roughly synonymous, performing similar conversions; data-processing systems typically manipulate raw data into information. Information : Information is data that has been processed for use. Relationship between data processing and information in a computer system When information is entered into and stored in a computer, it is generally referred to as data. After processing (such as formatting and printing), output data can again be perceived as information. Data processing is the actual process of converting the information into data and vice versa in a computer system. 2 Distinguish between data and information data is what is entered into and stored in a computer after the data has been processed it is called information. 3 why are digital computer useful in data processing A digital computer is the main mechanism used for transforming data in data processing. 4. Describe in detail the physical security, the social environment under which the computer performs best. Computer perform best in a cool and clean environment as dirt and heat affect the performance of a computer system SECTION B (COMPUTER PROGRAM) I. Distinguish between low level language and high level language. The main difference of high-level languages and low-level languages is that high-level languages are easier to read, write, and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter. II. Explain the acronyms COBOL: Acronym for common business oriented language. Developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s,. It is particularly popular for business applications that run on large computers. COBOL is still the most widely used programming language in the world. FORTRAN : Acronym for formula translator,. Designed by John Backus for IBM in the late 1950s, it is still popular today, particularly for scientific applications that require extensive mathematical computations. BASIC: Acronym for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASIC is one of the earliest and simplest high-level programming languages. Despite its simplicity, BASIC is used for a wide variety of business applications. There is an ANSI standard for the BASIC language, but most versions of BASIC include many proprietary extensions. Microsofts popular Visual Basic, for example, adds many object-oriented features to the standard BASIC. ALGOL: ALGOL (short for ALGOrithmic Language)[1] the de facto way algorithms were described in text-books and academic works for almost the next 30 years. These languages are best suited for text based data processing. III Mention and explain three special purpose high level language. 1 Ruby : is a dynamic, reflective, general purpose object-oriented programming language. Ruby supports multiple programming paradigms (including functional, object oriented and imperative), and features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. 2 Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. Perl borrows features from a variety of other languages including C, shell scripting (sh), AWK, sed and Lisp.[1] Perl was widely adopted for its strengths in text processing and lack of the arbitrary limitations of many scripting languages at the time.[2] 3 Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability.[2] Pythons core syntax and semantics are minimalist, while the standard library is large and comprehensive. Python supports multiple programming paradigms (primarily functional, object oriented and imperative), and features a fully dynamic type system and automatic memory management; it is thus similar to Perl, Ruby, Scheme, and Tcl. IV. What is a language processor and why are they necessary A hardware device designed or used to perform tasks, such as processing program code to machine code. Language processors are found in languages such as Fortran and COBOL . They are necessary because they are used to convert your program code to machine code V. what is the difference between a compiler and interpreter? ÂÂ  Compiler willÂÂ  translate the sourceÂÂ  code written in some kind of programming language, and then ultimately translates it into object code or machine language while The interpreter translates instructions one at a time, and then executes those instructions immediately. The compiler is itself a computer program written usually in some implementation language. SECTION C(DBM) Define the following 1. Field A field is a space allocated for a particular item of information. A tax form, for example, contains a number of fields: one for your name, one for your Social Security number, one for your income, and so on. In database systems, fields are the smallest units of information you can access. In spreadsheets, fields are called cells. Most fields have certain attributes associated with them. For example, some fields are numeric whereas others are textual, some are long, while others are short. In addition, every field has a name, called the field name. 2. Record Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. Some programming languages allow you to define a special data structure called a record. Generally, a record is a combination of other data objects. For example, a record might contain three integers, a floating-point number, and a character string. 3. File A file is a collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text files , program files, directory files, and so on. Different types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, whereas text files store text. 4. Bit Short for binary digit, it is the smallest unit of information on a machine. A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. More meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits. 5.Character A character is any symbol that requires one byte of storage. This includes all the ASCII and extended ASCII characters, including the space character the term character is generally reserved for letters, numbers, and punctuation. (ii) Identify three file organisation method known to you and state their merit and demerit.

Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective

Michaela Lawes SOUTH1A 11 Jacqui Godfrey Hypnotherapy & Counselling Skills – Module 21850 words â€Å"A personalised induction will always be more effective†. Discuss. Base your answer on theoretical concepts and techniques presented in class. If it is true that we all see the same thing but interpret it as different, if we respond to stimuli in a unique way, then a personalised induction would prove more effective. Would an anxious client respond to a linguistically passive approach? Would a direct and logically structured induction gain their trust and make them feel at ease?The Hypnotherapist will seek to understand their client, interpreting both verbal and non-verbal signals. They will also have to contend with the way our brain interprets external information. Once the individual’s personality is understood, there are a number of verbal techniques that the Hypnotherapist can utilise in order to get the best results from the induction process. It would a ppear that the personalised induction is effective but this perhaps depends on whether the Hypnotherapist has ascertained the true nature of their client.One area where the Hypnotherapist can start to understand the type of person they are seeking to induce would be to ascertain the dominant modality within their client. Modalities are a classification of sensory perception. These are listed as visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, olfactory and gustatory. When a person is assimilating external information they will seek to disseminate that information using a dominant modality. There are many ways in which they will reveal this through language, speech, gestures and even eye movements.NLP gurus Bandler and Grinder aptly call this the language of our minds. A person with a dominant visual modality will tend to use phrases that are littered with visual terms such as â€Å"I see†¦ † or â€Å"The sky looks turquoise†¦ † If this person’s eyes are looking up the right as they are explaining something to you they are creating a visual representation in their heads. Robert Dilts in his article Eye Movements and NLP states: ‘The most common application of eye positions in NLP is to determine the representational strategies a person is using in order to think or make a decision.Since many aspects of people's thinking processes are unconscious to them, spontaneous eye movements can be an extremely important part of eliciting and modeling a person's inner strategies for decision making, learning, motivation, memory, etc. ’ The eyes maybe a poetical window to the soul but they are also an infallible insight into an individual’s dominant modality. Using these linguistic and visual clues the Hypnotherapist can begin to relate to their client on his or her intellectual level. They can gain the trust of the client by appealing to their dominant modality.If the client had a dominant kinaesthetic modality they would have a more tacti le and emotionally attuned personality, they would speak in a soft lower tone of voice than the fast talking, higher toned visual personality. Would there be conflict if the hypnotherapist used a quick thinking, highly imaginative visual approach to the tactile and feeling kinaesthetic? Perhaps yes, when one is trying to ‘access’ the brain at an unconscious level, surely it would be more productive to be in harmony with your client in order to get the best therapeutic results.Josie Hadley and Carol Staudacher agree ‘By using similar language and reinforcing the induction with certain kinds of images, you are making sure the subject can relate to the induction and feel an affinity for it’ Whilst using the dominant modality to gain an affinity with the client, the best results will come from gradually introducing language into an induction that will appeal to all of the senses. This technique is called compounding, and is a crucial tool in engendering a deep trance.The client is being invited to experience a linked chain of events during their induction that will encourage them to lose themselves in the scenarios being suggested by appealing to all of the senses. So whilst the client may, through their language, both verbal and non verbal, have the olfactory as their main modality, if they are subjected via the induction to visualize or imagine a taste then this will engage all of their senses for a more effective induction.This supposes that hypnotherapist has initially ascertained the dominant modality in order to gain the trust of their client and then proceeded to introduce a multi sensory screed that opposes the idea of a fully personalised induction. It is recognized that there are two types of hypnotic induction, namely, permissive and authoritarian. It is said that traditional hypnosis is generally authoritarian. The induction is concise and uses direct language and less creative imagery. This is a favourite style of the stage h ypnotist as it lends itself favourably to the quick and direct nature of induction.A proponent of this technique was Dave Elman, whose authoritarian technique was used by doctors and dentists to calm their patients. It was quick and to the point. When thinking of the authoritarian style as a use for today’s hypnotic induction, it would be suited to use with a nervous or anxious person. Perhaps the controlled style reassures the nervous client that the therapist is in control, they know what they are doing and therefore it will follow that they will be more inclined to follow the suggestions made by the therapist.Instead of ‘you may start to feel your eyelids are becoming heavy’ the authoritarian approach will read as ‘your eyelids are heavy’ The logical and concise nature of the language used in this type of induction is also a useful when presented with a skeptic of the science behind hypnosis, the style does away with too vivid imagery and curtails the use of metaphor, allowing a sense of logicality to the ‘unconvinced’.This direct style also lends itself well to addiction therapy as ascertaining their modality can be difficult due to the personality and cerebral damage created by the addiction, for example, alcohol abuse. The repetitive and authoritarian style of induction Karle and Boys suggest the mere act or suggestion of an attempt to give up, say, smoking will work whether personalised or not as they ‘will respond well to any form of treatment, because any ritual will perform the functions they seek’ Again it would seem that a personalised induction is not so important in this type of case.The permissive approach is much more widely used in therapeutic hypnotherapy as it can ‘play’ with linguistic metaphor and imagery based on the client’s personality and dominant modality thus creating a much more personalised hypnotic experience. Michael Caroll in his essay ‘The Stru cture of Permissive Hypnotherapy’ states: ‘Rapport is an important aspect of permissive hypnotherapy because the hypnotherapist is going to lead the client to trance rather than just direct the client’s experience.To lead the client to trance the hypnotherapist mirrors the clients imaginative preferences through verbal communication allowing the hypnotherapist access to the physiology and state associated with trance, so when the client unconsciously follows the hypnotherapist’s lead he/she will be accessing a trance like state’ The leading hypnotherapist in this type of therapy was Milton H Erickson, he could be said to be the inventor of the personalised hypnotic experience. Rapport building underpins this type of approach and this is what Erickson sought to gain in his sessions.The permissive style will use an indirect approach in order to gain the trust of their clients without appearing too authoritarian. Hypnotic suggestion is wrapped up in me taphor and creative language coupled with varying vocal tonality. It was Erickson’s theory that ‘people must participate in their therapy’. The true meaning of a personalised induction! His screed would incorporate linguistic techniques in order to gain a rapport. There are several examples of this. Using the client’s dominant modality (which are discussed earlier in this essay).Convincers which are used in such a way as to make the client think they are in control of their induction when in fact they are being indirectly guided into a trance. A convincer may read as this: ‘I can see that your eyes are beginning to close and you are relaxed’. ‘Anchoring’ a key-word that will bring a repeated response, for example, the client could be asked to feel the summer sun on their skin throughout the induction so as to induce feelings of warmth and contentment. This could change according to the dominant modality of the client, whether visu al, kinaesthetic, olfactory and so on. Presuppositons and double binds’ are a clever way of allowing the client to feel in control of their destiny through contradictory linguistic signals. A client seeking to give up a bad habit may be told ‘you may wish to give up x tomorrow, next week or next month†¦ when this happens is entirely up to you’. This type of therapy works well as it allows the client to participate in their own induction. It allows for the uniqueness of the individual as to how they are induced which would surely be more effective.It would be too simplistic to argue that a personalised approach would be wholly effective as compared to a generic induction, but, in the main, it can offer a wide ranging approach for the therapist. In general, we use only a very small amount of verbal communication, much is achieved through body language and non verbal signals. In hypnotherapy the hypnotist does not have these non verbal tools to hand in an induc tion and therefore has to rely on linguistic techniques such as modality, metpahor or tone of voice in order to get the most effective results for their client.The different techniques found within the personalised approach, such as the use of modalities and indirect/direct language allows the client a proactive approach to his or her own induction. Michael Heap writes: ‘Regarding the legitimate therapeutic uses of hypnotherapy it is important†¦that the therapist’s actions and communications be in keeping with context and should contribute to the creation of the appropriate expectations, thus maximizing the patient’s receptivity to suggestion’.For example the therapist would have to take in consideration the mannerisms of the client, even they way they are dressed and what they do for work and pleasure. They also have to consider that the client may not be behaving as they normally would due to nerves or the differences between their public and privat e persona. They may be acting or behaving differently than is normal. However the hypnotherapist will surely learn to gauge their approach as they gain more experience.There is a place for the generic and direct approach as discussed in the essay, but the effectiveness of getting the client themselves to participate in their own induction is surely a more interesting and varied approach which lends itself to a more effective induction. References Hadley & Staudbacher – Hypnosis for Change -1996, New Harbinger Publications, USA Heap & Dryden – Hypnotherapy: A Handbook – 1991, Oxford University Press, UK Karle & Boys Hypnotherapy: A Practical Handbook – 1987 Free Association Books, UK

Lord Bartleby, The Scrivener A Tale Of Wall Street

Resistance in Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Tale of Wall Street Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Tale of Wall Street by Herman Melville is best summarized by an Ernest Hemingway quote which states: â€Å"The best people possess a feeling for beauty, the courage to take risks, the discipline to tell the truth, the capacity for sacrifice. Ironically, their virtues make them vulnerable; they are often wounded, sometimes destroyed.† Bartleby contrasts both his coworkers and the lawyer by boldly exercising his own free will and asserting his identity. Bartleby’s transformation from a mild-mannered worker to challenging the conformity of his environment proves to be his ruination. By refusing to forfeit his power of choice, Bartleby’s final choice was to not be part of a world that compromised his identity. Even in death, Bartleby demonstrated the value of free will. Bartleby provides exemplary work at first. However, traces of his resistance are evident from the start. The law yer describes, â€Å"He ran a day and night line, copying by sun-light and by candle-light. I should have been quite delighted with his application, had he been cheerfully industrious. But he wrote on silently, palely, mechanically† (861). Bartleby refused to feign enjoyment, which in itself, is a form of passive resistance. He exercised his will by showing his discontent. While this is not outright defiance, Bartleby proves to be a contrast to his environment by silently demonstrating his displeasure. The AmericanShow MoreRelated Comparing Religious Archetypes in Moby Dick, Billy Budd, and Bartleby the Scrivener2226 Words   |  9 PagesReligious Archetypes in Moby Dick, Billy Budd, and Bartleby the Scrivener        Ã‚   Herman Melvilles use of Biblical overtones gives extra dimensions to his works.   Themes in his stories parallel those in the Bible to teach about good and evil.   Melville emphasizes his characters qualities by drawing allusions, and in doing so makes them appear larger than life.   In the same way that the Bible teaches lessons about life, Herman Melvilles stories teach lessons about the light and dark sidesRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pages2) lose the support or sympathy Synonyms for alienate, verb, estrange, divide, distance, put at a distance, isolate, cut off, set against, turn away, drive apart, disunite, set at odds/variance, drive a wedge between. Waverley Library 32 Denison Street, Bondi Junction NSW 2022 Phone 9386 7733 www.waverley.nsw.gov.au/library 1 From the 2009 - 2012 Prescriptions document: http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_hsc/pdf_doc/english-prescription-09-12.pdf Context plays a role in the perception

Impact of condom in reducing the prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea in men who sleep with men - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1481 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction The rate of sexually transmitted infection is increasing particularly gonorrhea and chlamydia in men who sleep with men (MSM). MSM are straight men who seek a sexual encounter with a fellow male counterpart. These men are neither gay nor do they have a sexual attraction to their fellow men. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of condom in reducing the prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea in men who sleep with men" essay for you Create order They are attracted to women in both mentally and physically. However, their attraction to men is only sexual and not emotional or romantic. The Northwestern University conducted a research on 2016 for straight men that were looking for casual sex with men (1). They got a chance to conduct an online interview to over a hundred MSM. The summed up report showed that the highest majority of MSM are attracted to men not because of their attractiveness but because of the attractiveness of their penises. As such, they interest in sex in men is not as strong and intense in men as it is in women. It is for this reason that has led them to adopt a secondary description for their sexuality. One of the main reasons why MSM engage in sex with men is to get a quick sex release. They find men more available for them for a sexual encounter than women. Moreover, to them, women require money or emotional engagement to offer a similar sexual service that a fellow male counterpart can offer quick and for free without waiting for emotional engagement. Some of these sexual encounters happen abruptly without any previous plan. As such, sexual intercourse is done without the use of any protection for sexually transmitted Infections (STIs). Others prefer not to use a condom despite the growing preference of STIs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. They argue that their sexual act progression is interfered with by the condoms hence reducing their sexual pleasure (8). That reason led researcher from the North Dakota University to conduct a study on condom use in the context of sexual arousal used audio scripts which were based on scenarios male students. 15 male students volunteered for the exercise. Each of them listened to the sexual audio scripts which culminated into a sexual intercourse between two men for two minutes. Scenarios in Half of the audio scripts included the use of a condom while the remaining half depicted scenarios where condoms were not used.   Each of the 15 volunteers was placed in a furnished room. The room contained only a reclining chair and a pair of stereo headphones. A device for measuring slight changes of the circumference was used in the experiment (8).   Advanced CODAS software was used to collect psychological data on the response of the penile for the fifteen volunteers while listening to the audio scripts. The results of the experiment showed no significant difference on male sexual arousal between the condit ions when they had worn the condom and when the condom was absent. From the experiment above, it can be concluded that male sexual arousal is not affected in any way by condoms or condom use. However, the research did not explain the impact the use of condoms has on the sexual pleasure of MSM. Another study carried out by the Trojan Brand Condoms was carried out to examine behaviors and attitudes adult Americans have towards the use of a condom.   50% of those who were interviewed said that condoms reduce their sexual pleasure but they have to use them for prevention purposes. According to (7), human sexual activities are mainly motivated by the pleasure received from them. As such, people accept reluctantly or avoid any artifice that interferes with their sexual sensations. Condoms reduce tactile sensation, attenuate heat transduction and limit physical contact by interposing a mechanical barrier between male sex partners reducing their sexual pleasure. MSM have eschewed the use of condoms mainly because of this reduction in pleasure. This reason of condoms reduces pleasure have been developed into a belief which when they get the bigger stage into a mind of a person participating for the first time in a relationship can distort the good perception about condoms in him. This discomfort of condoms in Men who sleep with men and other sex partners is caused by the thickness, the material and also the size of the condom used during intercourse.   Big thickness can reduce sexual sensations, a very tight condom can cause discomfort to the user while a latex condom might be allergic to some people thus resulting to other health complications. However, there is a large variety of condoms on the market today. Thus, one can select the size of condom he is comfortable with, select a different material such as Durex if he is allergic to latex as well as the color and flavor he desires. Every adult should be made aware of this to drive the negative perception about condoms away. This is because condoms have a lot of advantages that should not be underestimated. One of the key advantages of condoms is that it controls the population by helping people protect themselves against unwanted pregnancies.   The other primary purpose is to protect someone from HIV an d other STIs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease that affects the soft and moist tissues within the body. The bacteria that causes gonorrhea infection is spread in men through semen although some studies argue that ejaculation is not the dependent transmission channel. The infection mainly infects the genitals, anus, and urethra. However, throat, mouth, and eyes are also infected. Gonorrhea can infect anyone who engages in unprotected sexual activities with an infected person even if the symptom were detected, diagnosed and treated before the sexual encounter. According to (5) gonorrhea cannot be transmitted through body contact or kissing with an infected person. Previous studies have shown that only 10% of men who have been diagnosed with the infection show symptoms. This means that it is hard to notice the symptoms of the infection in its early stages. The disease can be transmitted even without manifestation of symptoms. In many men, symptoms start to appear in the second week after a n unprotected sexual encounter with an infected person. Some of the common symptoms of this infection include white, yellow or green discharge around the penis tip, burning sensation during urination and itching around the penal opening. Just like gonorrhea, chlamydia is a silent infection and it can go for weeks completely unnoticed. The infection is caused by, Chlamydia trachomatis, a tiny bacteria. Common symptoms of the infection in men include pain, tenderness and inflammation around the testicles, pain and burning sensation during urination and cloudy, white discharge at the tip of the penis. Similar to gonorrhea the infection can also infect the eyes and throat (4). If the disease goes untreated it can have a negative side effect on men reproduction system where the sperms are damaged and scarring is caused in their reproductive tract leading to permanent infertility. Studies show that 80 % of the infected men produce sperms with physical abnormalities. Moreover, males infected by the disease have high chances of experiencing urethritis, reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis and rheumatologic condition (6). Research has shown that a person can contract and carry both chlamydia and gonorrhea at the same time. Moreover, a person who has contracted one of the two infections, gonorrhea or chlamydia, has the highest likelihood of contracting the other.   MSM who have multiple sexual partners and those who engage in unprotected sex have a higher likelihood of contracting the two infections. As such, it is important for a person to get tested for both infections and treated earlier before the infections spread to other parts of the body. It is advisable to use protection when having sexual encounter either oral or anal with a new partner or someone you suspect of having the disease (3). Gonorrhea and chlamydia are among the common STIs affecting MSM. This has been attributed mainly to indulging into sexual intercourse without the use of a protection. One of the most common protection for this STDs that MSM should be encouraged to use is the condom.   A condom is a thin elastic rubber material designed to fit over the penis (2). The condoms have helped a lot of people in the world to protect themselves from gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV and other STIs when engaging in unprotected sex with infected persons. Majority of people in the world are aware that a condom is a material used for protection of STIs; however, they have no adequate knowledge, on the dos and don’ts of a condom. As such, it is important for the awareness on how to wear and use a condom to be increased in the world. For instance, a condom should be worn before a sexual penetration or oral sex to minimize the risk to both partners. The use of two condoms at the same time does not increase the safe ty but can increase the chances of the breakage exposing one to the risk of conducting an infection.